IrwinAllenGinsberg(pronounced/ˈɡɪnzbərɡ/;June3,1926–April5,1997)wasanAmericanpoetwhovigorouslyopposedmilitarism,materialismandsexualrepression.Inthe1950s,GinsbergwasaleadingfigureoftheBeatGeneration,ananarchicgroupofyoungmenandwomenwhojoinedpoetry,song,sex,wineandillicitdrugswithpassionatepoliticalideasthatchampionedpersonalfreedoms.[1]Ginsberg'sepicpoem"Howl",inwhichhecelebrateshisfellow"angel-headedhipsters"andexcoriateswhathesawasthedestructiveforcesofcapitalismandconformityintheUnitedStates,isoneoftheclassicpoemsoftheBeatGeneration[2]Thepoem,dedicatedtowriterCarlSolomon,hastheopening:Isawthebestmindsofmygenerationdestroyedbymadness,starvinghystericalnaked,draggingthemselvesthroughthenegrostreetsatdawnlookingforanangryfix...[3]InOctober1955,GinsbergandfiveotherunknownpoetsgaveafreereadingatanexperimentalartgalleryinSanFrancisco.Ginsberg's"Howl"electrifiedtheaudience.AccordingtofellowpoetMichaelMcClure,itwasclear"thatabarrierhadbeenbroken,thatahumanvoiceandbodyhadbeenhurledagainsttheharshwallofAmericaanditssupportingarmiesandnaviesandacademiesandinstitutionsandownershipsystemsandpowersupportbases."[4]In1957,"Howl"attractedwidespreadpublicitywhenitbecamethesubjectofanobscenitytrialinwhichaSanFranciscoprosecutorargueditcontained"filthy,vulgar,obscene,anddisgustinglanguage."Thepoemseemedespeciallyoutrageousin1950sAmericabecauseitdepictedbothheterosexualandhomosexualsex[5]atatimewhensodomylawsmadehomosexualactsacrimeineveryU.S.state."Howl"reflectedGinsberg'sownbisexualityandhishomosexualrelationshipswithanumberofmen,includingPeterOrlovsky,hislifelongpartner.[6]JudgeClaytonW.Hornruledthat"Howl"wasnotobscene,adding,"Wouldtherebeanyfreedomofpressorspeechifonemustreducehisvocabularytovapidinnocuouseuphemisms?"[7]In"Howl"andinhisotherpoetry,Ginsbergdrewinspirationfromtheepic,freeversestyleofthe19thcenturyAmericanpoetWaltWhitman.Bothwrotepassionatelyaboutthepromise(andbetrayal)ofAmericandemocracy;thecentralimportanceoferoticexperience;andthespiritualquestforthetruthofeverydayexistence.[8]J.D.McClatchy,editoroftheYaleReviewcalledGinsberg"thebest-knownAmericanpoetofhisgeneration,asmuchasocialforceasaliteraryphenomenon."McClatchyaddedthatGinsberg,likeWhitman,"wasabardintheoldmanner–outsized,darklyprophetic,partexuberance,partprayer,partrant.Hisworkisfinallyahistoryofourera'spsyche,withallitscontradictoryurges."[9]GinsbergwasapracticingBuddhistwhostudiedEasternreligiousdisciplinesextensively.OneofhismostinfluentialteacherswastheTibetanBuddhist,theVenerableChögyamTrungpa,founderoftheNaropaInstitute,nowNaropaUniversityatBoulder,Colorado.[10]AtTrungpa'surging,GinsbergandpoetAnneWaldmanstartedapoetryschooltherein1974whichtheycalledthe"JackKerouacSchoolofDisembodiedPoetics".[11]InspiteofhisattractiontoEasternreligions,thejournalistJaneKramerarguesthatGinsberg,likeWhitman,adheredtoan"Americanbrandofmysticism"thatwas,inherwords,"rootedinhumanismandinaromanticandvisionaryidealofharmonyamongmen."[12]Ginsberg'spoliticalactivismwasconsistentwithhisreligiousbeliefs.Hetookpartindecadesofnon-violentpoliticalprotestagainsteverythingfromtheVietnamWartotheWaronDrugs.[13]Theliterarycritic,HelenVendler,describedGinsbergas"tirelesslypersistentinprotestingcensorship,imperialpolitics,andpersecutionofthepowerless."[14]Hisachievementsasawriteraswellashisnotorietyasanactivistgainedhimhonorsfromestablishedinstitutions.Ginsberg'sbookofpoems,TheFallofAmerica,wontheNationalBookAwardforpoetryin1974.OtherhonorsincludedtheNationalArtsClubgoldmedalandhisinductionintotheAmericanAcademyandInstituteofArtsandLetters,bothin1979.[15]In1995,GinsbergwonaPulitzerPrizeforhisbook,CosmopolitanGreetings:Poems1986–1992.[16]

性别: 男

星座: 双子座

生卒日期: 1926年06月03日 至 1997年04月05日

出生地: 美国,新泽西州,纽瓦克

职业: 演员 / 编剧 / 音乐

更多外文名: Irwin Allen Ginsberg (本名)

家庭成员: Peter Orlovsky(伴侣)

imdb编号: nm0320091

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艾伦·金斯堡